Filename must have ".nc" suffix.

CF attributes that take string values must be 1D character arrays or single atomic strings.

Variable, dimension and attribute names should begin with a letter and be composed of letters (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), and underscores(_). This corresponds to ASCII characters in the decimal ranges (65-90), (97-122), (48-57), and (95). The corresponding Unicode codepoints are (U+0041-U+005A), (U+0061-U+007A), (U+0030-U+0039), and (U+005F).

ASCII period (.) and ASCII hyphen (-) may also be included in attribute names only.

No two variable names should be identical when case is ignored.

The dimensions of a variable must all have different names.

If any or all of the dimensions of a variable have the interpretations (as given by their units or axis attribute) of time (T), height or depth (Z), latitude (Y), or longitude (X) then those dimensions should appear in the relative order T, then Z, then Y, then X in the CDL definition corresponding to the file.

In files that are meant to conform to the COARDS subset of CF, any dimensions of a variable other than space and time dimensions should be added "to the left" of the space and time dimensions as represented in CDL.

A one-dimensional string-valued variable must not have the same name as its dimension (see "Coordinate variable" in Section 1.3).

The valid_range attribute must not be present if the valid_min and/or valid_max attributes are present.

The _FillValue attribute must be the same type as its associated variable.

The missing_value attribute must be the same type as its associated variable.

The actual_range attribute must be of the same type as its associated variable unless there is a scale_factor and/or add_offset attribute, in which case it must be of the same type as those attributes.

The actual_range attribute must have two elements, of which the first exactly equals the minimum non-missing value occurring in the associated variable after any scale_factor and add_offset are applied, and the second exactly equals the maximum value in the same way.

There must not be an actual_range attribute if all the data values of the associated variable equal the missing value.

If both the actual_range and valid_range/valid_min/valid_max are specified, the values of the actual_range must be valid values.

The value of the _FillValue attribute should not be within a specified valid range.

If both missing_value and _FillValue be used, they should have the same value.

The Conventions attribute must be a single text string containing a list of convention names separated by blank space or commas, one of which shall be the full CF string as described below.

Files that conform to the CF version 1.12 conventions must indicate this by setting the global Conventions attribute to contain the CF string value "CF-1.12".

The title, history, institution, source, references, and comment attributes are all type string.

The title and history attributes are only defined as global or groups attributes. If they are used as per variable attributes a CF compliant application should treat them exactly as it would treat any other unrecognized attribute.

The external_variables attribute is of string type and contains a blank-separated list of variable names.

No variable named by external_variables is allowed in the file.

The Conventions and external_variables attributes must not be used in non-root groups.

If any dimension of an out-of-group variable has the same name as a dimension of the referring variable, the two must be the same dimension (i.e. they must have the same netCDF dimension ID).

Variable or dimension paths must follow a UNIX style file convention. They must be formed of words (composed of letters, digits and underscores) and be separated by the slash character ('/'). Paths may begin with either '/', '…​' or a word.

The variable or dimension referenced must exist in the file unless it is an external variable. References can be absolute, relative or with no path, in which case, the variable or dimension must be found in one of the following (in order of precedence):

NUG-coordinate variables that are not in the referring group or one of its direct ancestors should be referenced by absolute or relative paths rather than relying on the lateral search algorithm.

The units attribute is required for all variables that represent dimensional quantities (except for boundary variables defined in section 7.1 and climatology variables defined in section 7.4).

The type of the units attribute is a string that must be recognizable by the UDUNITS package. Exceptions are the units level, layer, and sigma_level.

Dimensionless units for volume fractions defined by UDUNITS (ppv, ppmv, ppbv, pptv, ppqv) are not allowed in the units attribute of any variable which also has a standard_name attribute.

If present, the units_metadata attribute must have one of these values: temperature: on_scale, temperature: difference, temperature: unknown.

The units of a variable that specifies a standard_name must be physically equivalent to the canonical units given in the standard name table, as modified by the standard_name modifier, if there is one, according to Appendix C, and then modified by all the methods listed in order by the cell_methods attribute, if one is present, according to Appendix E.

If the standard_name attribute includes the standard_error modifier, the units_metadata attribute, if present, must have the value temperature: difference.

If the cell_methods attribute includes any entry with any of the methods range, standard_deviation or variance, the units_metadata attribute, if present, must have the value temperature: difference.

A variable must not have a units_metadata attribute if it has no units attribute or if its units do not involve a temperature unit.

The units level, layer, and sigma_level are deprecated.

Any variable whose units involve a temperature unit should also have a units_metadata attribute.

All data variables and variables containing coordinate data should use either the long_name or the standard_name attributes to describe their contents.

The standard_name attribute takes a string value comprised of a standard name optionally followed by one or more blanks and a standard name modifier.

The legal values for the standard name are contained in the standard name table.

The legal values for the standard name modifier are contained in Appendix C, Standard Name Modifiers.

If a variable has a standard_name of region or area_type, it must have value(s) from the permitted list.

Use of the standard_name modifiers status_flag and number_of_observations is deprecated, and the corresponding standard_names are recommended instead.

The flag_values attribute must have the same type as the variable to which it is attached.

If the flag_values attribute is present then the flag_meanings attribute must be specified.

The type of the flag_meanings attribute is a string whose value is a blank separated list of words or phrases,  each consisting of characters from the alphanumeric set and the following five: '_', '-', '.', '+', '@'.

The number of flag_values attribute values must equal the number of words or phrases appearing in the flag_meanings string.

The number of flag_masks attribute values must equal the number of words or phrases appearing in the flag_meanings string.

Variables with a flag_masks attribute must have a type that is compatible with bit field expression (char, byte, short and int), not floating-point (float, real, double), and the flag_masks attribute must have the same type.

The flag_masks attribute values must be non-zero.

The flag_values attribute values must be mutually exclusive among the set of flag_values attribute values defined for that variable.

When flag_masks and flag_values are both defined, the Boolean AND of each entry in flag_values with its corresponding entry in flag_masks should equal the flag_values entry, ie, the mask selects all the bits required to express the value.

The axis attribute may only be attached to coordinate variables and geometry node coordinate variables (Chapter 7).

The only legal values of axis are X, Y, Z, and T (case insensitive).

The axis attribute must be consistent with the coordinate type deduced from units and positive.

The axis attribute is not allowed for auxiliary coordinate variables.

A data variable must not have more than one coordinate variable with a particular value of the axis attribute.

The only legal values for the positive attribute are up or down (case insensitive).

The positive attribute should be consistent with the sign convention implied by the definition of the standard_name, if both are provided.

The formula_terms attribute is only allowed on a coordinate variable which has a standard_name listed in Appendix C.

The type of the formula_terms attribute is a string whose value is list of blank separated word pairs in the form term: var. The legal values term are contained in Appendix C for each valid standard_name. The values of var must be variables that exist in the file.

Where indicated by the appropriate definition in Appendix D, the standard_name attributes of variables named by the formula_terms attribute must be consistent with the standard_name of the coordinate variable it is attached to, according to the appropriate definition in Appendix D.

The computed_standard_name attribute is only allowed on a coordinate variable which has a formula_terms attribute.

The computed_standard_name attribute is a string whose value must be consistent with the standard_name of the coordinate variable it is attached to, and in some cases also with the standard_name attributes of variables named by the formula_terms attribute, according to the appropriate definition in Appendix D.

The units of a variable named by the formula_terms attribute must be consistent with the units defined in Appendix D.

The time units of a time coordinate variable must contain a reference date/time.

The reference date/time of a time coordinate variable must be a legal date/time in the specified calendar.

The reference date/time in time units is not allowed to contain seconds equal to or greater than 60.

The use of time coordinates in year 0 and reference date/times in year 0 to indicate climatological time is deprecated.

Units of year and month and any equivalent units should be used with caution.

UDUNITS permits a number of alternatives to the word since in the units of time coordinates. All the alternatives have exactly the same meaning in UDUNITS. For compatibility with other software, CF strongly recommends that since should be used.

The attributes calendar, month_lengths, leap_year, and leap_month may only be attached to time coordinate variables.

The standardized values (case insensitive) of the calendar attribute are standard, gregorian (deprecated), proleptic_gregorian, noleap, 365_day, all_leap, 366_day, 360_day, julian, and none. If the calendar attribute is given a non-standard value, then the attribute month_lengths is required, along with leap_year and leap_month as appropriate.

The type of the month_lengths attribute must be an integer array of size 12.

The values of the leap_month attribute must be in the range 1-12.

The values of the leap_year and leap_month attributes are integer scalars.

A time coordinate variable should have a calendar attribute.

The value standard should be used instead of gregorian in the calendar attribute.

The attribute leap_month should not appear unless the attribute leap_year is present.

The time coordinate should not cross the date 1582-10-15 when the default mixed Gregorian/Julian calendar is in use.

All of a variable’s dimensions that are latitude, longitude, vertical, or time dimensions must have corresponding coordinate variables.

A coordinate variable must have values that are strictly monotonic (increasing or decreasing).

A coordinate variable must not have the _FillValue or missing_value attributes.

The type of the coordinates attribute is a string whose value is a blank separated list of variable names. All specified variable names must exist in the file.

The dimensions of each auxiliary coordinate must be a subset of the dimensions of the variable they are attached to, with three exceptions. First, a label variable of type char will have a trailing dimension for the maximum string length. Second, if an auxiliary coordinate variable of a data variable that has been compressed by gathering (8.2 Lossless Compression by Gathering) does not span the compressed dimension, then its dimensions may be any subset of the data variable’s uncompressed dimensions, i.e. any of the dimensions of the data variable except the compressed dimension, and any of the dimensions listed by the compress attribute of the compressed coordinate variable. Third, a ragged array (Chapter 9, Discrete sampling geometries and Appendix H) uses special, more indirect, methods to connect the data and coordinates.

The name of a multidimensional coordinate variable should not match the name of any of its dimensions.

All horizontal coordinate variables (in the Unidata sense) should have an axis attribute.

All horizontal coordinate variables (in the unidata sense) should have an axis attribute.

The type of the grid_mapping attribute is a string whose value is of the following form, in which brackets indicate optional text:

grid_mapping_name[: coord_var [coord_var ...]] [grid_mapping_name: [coord_var ... ]]

Note that in its simplest form the attribute comprises just a grid_mapping_name as a single word.

Each grid_mapping_name is the name of a variable (known as a grid mapping variable), which must exist in the file.

Each coord_var is the name of a coordinate variable or auxiliary coordinate variable, which must exist in the file. If it is an auxiliary coordinate variable, it must be listed in the coordinates attribute.

The grid mapping variables must have the grid_mapping_name attribute. The legal values for the grid_mapping_name attribute are contained in Appendix F.

The data types of the attributes of the grid mapping variable must be specified in Table 1 of Appendix F.

If present, the crs_wkt attribute must be a text string conforming to the CRS WKT specification described in reference [OGC_CTS].

reference_ellipsoid_name, prime_meridian_name, horizontal_datum_name and geographic_crs_name must be all defined if any one is defined.

If projected_crs_name is defined then geographic_crs_name must be also.

The grid mapping variables should have 0 dimensions.

Deprecated attributes for the grid_mapping_name are: scale_factor_at_projection_origin for grid_mapping_name = lambert_cylindrical_equal_area only, where standard_parallel should instead be used; and straight_vertical_longitude_from_pole for grid_mapping_name = polar_stereographic only, where longitude_of_projection_origin should instead be used.

Domain variables must have a dimensions attribute.

The type of the dimensions attribute is a string whose value is a blank separated list of dimension names. All specified dimensions must exist in the file. The string may be empty.

The dimensions of each variable named by the coordinates attribute must be a subset of zero or more of the dimensions named by the dimensions attribute, with two exceptions. First, a label variable which will have a trailing dimension for the maximum string length. Second a ragged array (Chapter 9, Discrete sampling geometries and Appendix H) uses special, more indirect, methods to connect the domain and coordinates.

The dimensions of each variable named by the cell_measures attribute must be a subset of zero or more of the dimensions named by the dimensions attribute.

Domain variables should have a long_name attribute.

Domain variables should not have any of the attributes marked in Appendix A as applicable to data variables except those which are also marked as applicable to domain variables.

A string variable that is named by a coordinates attribute is a label variable. If the variable is of type string it must have at most one dimension, which must match one of those of the data variable. If the variable is of type char it must have one or two dimensions, where the trailing (CDL order) or sole dimension is for the maximum string length. If there are two dimensions, the leading dimension (CDL order) must match one of those of the data variable.

The type of the bounds attribute is a string whose value is a single variable name. The specified variable must exist in the file.

A boundary variable must have the same dimensions as its associated variable, plus have a trailing dimension (CDL order) for the maximum number of vertices in a cell. The trailing dimension must be of size two if the associated variable is one-dimensional, and of size greater than two if the associated variable has more than one dimension.

Any elements of the boundary variable which contain the FillValue must form a consecutive block at the end of the trailing dimension.

A boundary variable must be a numeric data type.

A boundary variable can only have inheritable attributes, i.e. any of those marked "BI" in the "Use" column of Appendix A, if they are also present on its parent coordinate variable.

If a boundary variable has an inheritable attribute then its data type and its value must be exactly the same as the parent variable’s attribute.

Starting with version 1.7, a boundary variable must have a formula_terms attribute when it contains bounds for a parametric vertical coordinate variable that has a formula_terms attribute. In this case the same terms and named variables must appear in both except for terms that depend on the vertical dimension. For such terms the variable name appearing in the boundary variable’s formula_terms attribute must differ from that found in the formula_terms attribute of the coordinate variable itself. The boundary variable of the formula_terms variable must have the same dimensions as the formula_terms variable, plus a trailing dimension (CDL order) for the maximum number of vertices in a cell, which must be the same as the trailing dimension of the boundary variable of the parametric vertical coordinate variable. If a named variable in the formula_terms attribute of the vertical coordinate variable depends on the vertical dimension and is a coordinate, scalar coordinate or auxiliary coordinate variable then its bounds attribute must be consistent with the equivalent term in formula_terms attribute of the boundary variable.

The points specified by a coordinate or auxiliary coordinate variable should lie within, or on the boundary, of the cells specified by the associated boundary variable.

Boundary variables should not include inheritable attributes, i.e. any of those marked "BI" in the "Use" column of Appendix A.

The type of the cell_measures attribute is a string whose value is list of blank separated word pairs in the form measure: var. The valid values for measure are area or volume. The var token specifies a variable that must either exist in the file or be named by the external_variables attribute. The dimensions of the variable specified by var must be the same as, or be a subset of, the dimensions of the variable to which they are related, with one exception: If a cell measure variable of a data variable that has been compressed by gathering (8.2 Lossless Compression by Gathering) does not span the compressed dimension, then its dimensions may be any subset of the data variable’s uncompressed dimensions, i.e. any of the dimensions of the data variable except the compressed dimension, and any of the dimensions listed by the compress attribute of the compressed coordinate variable.

A measure variable must have units that are consistent with the measure type, i.e., square meters for area measures and cubic meters for volume measures.

The type of the cell_methods attribute is a string whose value is one or more blank separated word lists, each with the form

dim1: [dim2: [dim3: ...]] method [where type1 [over type2]] [within|over days|years] [(comment)]

A given dimension name may only occur once in a cell_methods string. An exception is a climatological time dimension.

The comment, if present, must take the form ([interval: value unit [interval: …​] comment:] remainder )

If a data variable has any dimensions or scalar coordinate variables referring to horizontal, vertical or time dimensions, it should have a cell_methods attribute with an entry for each of these spatiotemporal dimensions or scalar coordinate variables. (The horizontal dimensions may be covered by an area entry.)

Except for entries whose cell method is point, all numeric coordinate variables and scalar coordinate variables named by cell_methods should have bounds or climatology attributes.

The climatology attribute may only be attached to a time coordinate variable.

The type of the climatology attribute is a string whose value is a single variable name. The specified variable must exist in the file.

A climatology variable must have the same dimension as its associated time coordinate variable, and have a trailing dimension (CDL order) of size 2.

A climatology variable must be a numeric data type.

If a climatology variable has units, standard_name, or calendar attributes, they must agree with those of its associated variable.

A climatology variable must not have _FillValue or missing_value attributes.

One of the dimensions of the data variable with geometry must be the number of geometries to which the data applies.

The type of the geometry attribute is a string whose value is the name of a geometry container variable. The variable name must exist in the file.

The geometry container variable must hold geometry_type and node_coordinates attributes.

The only legal values of geometry_type are point, line, and polygon (case insensitive).

For a line geometry_type, each geometry must have a minimum of two node coordinates.

For a polygon geometry_type, each geometry must have a minimum of three node coordinates.

The type of the node_coordinates attribute is a string whose value is a blank separated list of variable names. All specified variable names must exist in the file.

The geometry node coordinate variables must each have an axis attribute.

A geometry container variable must not have more than one node coordinate variable with a particular value of the axis attribute.

The grid_mapping and coordinates attributes can be carried by the geometry container variable provided they are also carried by the data variables associated with the container.

If a coordinate variable named by a coordinates attribute carried by the geometry container variable or its parent data variable has a nodes attribute, then the nodes attribute must be a string whose value is a single variable name. The specified variable must be a node coordinate variable that exists in the file.

If coordinate variables have a nodes attribute, then the grid mapping of the coordinate variables must be the same as the grid mapping of the variables indicated by the nodes attribute.

The geometry node coordinate variables must all have the same single dimension, which is the total number of nodes in all the geometries.

Nodes for polygon exterior rings must be put in anticlockwise order (viewed from above) and polygon interior rings in clockwise order.

The single dimension of the part node count variable should equal the total number of parts in all the geometries.

When more than one geometry instance is present and the node_count attribute on the geometry container is missing, the geometry type must be point, and the dimension of the node coordinate variables must be one of the dimensions of the data variable.

If a part_node_count variable and a node_count variable are present for a given geometry container, then the sum of part_node_count values must equal the sum of node_count values.

If the interior_ring attribute is present on the geometry container, then the part_node_count attribute must also be present on the geometry container.

The interior ring variable must contain the value 0 to indicate an exterior ring polygon and 1 to indicate an interior ring polygon.

The single dimension of the interior ring variable must be the same dimension as that of the part node count variable.

The scale_factor and add_offset attributes must be either type float or type double, and if both are present they must be the same type.

If the scale_factor and add_offset are type float, the data variable must be one of these types: byte, unsigned byte, short, unsigned short.

If the scale_factor and add_offset are type double, the data variable must be one of these types: byte, unsigned byte, short, unsigned short, int, unsigned int.

The compress attribute may only be attached to a coordinate variable with an integer data type.

The type of the compress attribute is a string whose value is a blank separated list of dimension names. The specified dimensions must exist in the file.

The values of the associated coordinate variable must be in the range starting with 0 and going up to the product of the compressed dimension sizes minus 1 (CDL index conventions).

The associated coordinate variable must not have an associated boundary variable.

When attached to a data variable, the type of the tie_points attribute is a string whose value is a list of blank separated word groups of the following form, in which brackets indicate optional text: tie_point_variable: [tie_point_variable: …​] interpolation_variable. Each tie_point_variable token specifies a tie point variable that must exist in the file, and each interpolation_variable token specifies a variable that must exist in the file.

An interpolation variable must have one of the string-valued attributes interpolation_name or interpolation_description, but not both. The legal values for the interpolation_name attribute are contained in the Interpolation Methods section of Appendix J.

An interpolation variable must have the attribute computational_precision. The legal values for the computational_precision attribute are contained in the Interpolation Method Implementation subsection of the Lossy Compression by Coordinate Subsampling section of chapter 8.

An interpolation variable must have a tie_point_dimensions attribute that is a string whose value is a list of blank separated word groups of the following form, in which brackets indicate optional text: interpolation_dimension: tie_point_interpolation_dimension [interpolation_zone_dimension]. Each interpolation_dimension token specifies a unique interpolation dimension of the parent data variable, each tie_point_interpolation_dimension token specifies the tie point interpolation dimension of a unique tie point index variable, and each interpolation_zone_dimension token specifies a unique interpolation zone dimension. The tie point interpolation dimensions and interpolation zone dimensions must not be dimensions of the parent data variable.

The tie point variables associated with each interpolation_variable token must all span the same dimensions, which comprise a subset of zero or more dimensions of the parent data variable with the addition of all of the tie point interpolation dimensions identified by the tie_point_dimensions attribute of the interpolation variable. A tie point variable must not span both a tie point interpolation dimension and its corresponding interpolation dimension, as defined by the tie_point_dimensions mapping.

An interpolation variable must have a tie_point_indices attribute that is a string whose value is a list of blank separated word pairs of the following form: interpolation_dimension: tie_point_index_variable. The interpolation_dimension tokens specify the same interpolation dimensions as the tie_point_dimensions attribute, and each tie_point_index_variable token specifies a tie point index variable that must exist in the file.

A tie point index variable must be a one-dimensional variable with an integer data type.

The dimension of a tie point index variable must be a tie point interpolation dimension identified by the tie_point_dimensions attribute.

The values of a tie point index variable must be non-negative integers. The first value must be zero, and each subsequent value must be greater than or equal to the previous value. If a value differs by zero or one from its previous value, then it must differ by two or more from its subsequent value.

The size of an interpolation zone dimension must be equal to the size of the corresponding tie point interpolation dimension minus the number of interpolation areas for that tie point interpolation dimension. The number of interpolation areas is equal one plus the number of occurences of adjacent values differing by zero or one in the corresponding tie point index variable.

When attached to an interpolation variable, the type of the interpolation_parameters attribute is a string whose value is list of blank separated word pairs in the form term: var. For each valid interpolation_name, the legal values for term are described by the "Interpolation Parameter terms" table entry in the Interpolation Methods section of Appendix J. The values of var must be interpolation parameter variables that exist in the file.

The dimensions of an interpolation parameter variable must be a subset of zero or more of the dimensions of the corresponding tie point variables, with the exception that a tie point interpolation dimension may be replaced with its corresponding interpolation zone dimension, as defined by the tie_point_dimensions mapping.

If a tie point variable has bounds_tie_points attribute then it must be a string whose value is a single variable name. The specified variable must exist in the file.

A bounds tie point variable must have the same dimensions as its associated tie points coordinate variable.

A bounds tie point variable must be a numeric data type.

A bounds tie point variable must not have the _FillValue or missing_value attributes. The requirements on all other bounds tie point variable attributes are the same as for bounds variables described in 7.1 Cell Boundaries.

An interpolation variable should have 0 dimensions.

The recommendations on bounds tie point variable attributes are the same as for bounds variables described in 7.1 Cell Boundaries.

Quantization container variables must have two string-valued attributes, algorithm and implementation.

The value of algorithm must be one of the values permitted by this section.

Only floating-point type variables can be quantized. Quantized variables are identified by having a string-valued attribute named quantization.

The value of quantization must be the name of the quantization container variable which exists in the file.

Variables that were quantized must have an integer type attribute named either quantization_nsb (if the corresponding quantization variable has the algorithm attribute value bitround) or quantization_nsd (if the corresponding quantization variable has one of the algorithm attribute values bitgroom, digitround, or granular_bitround).

The value of quantization_nsb must be in the range 1 <= NSB <= 23 for data type float or real, and 1 <= NSB <= 52 for data type double.

The value of quantization_nsd must be in the range 1 <= NSD <= 7 for data type float or real, and 1 <= NSD <= 15 for data type double.

Variables that serve as a coordinate variable, or are named by a coordinates, formula_terms, or cell_measures attribute of any other variable must not have a quantization attribute.

The value of implementation must take the form "software-name version version-string [( optional-information )]". where brackets indicate optional words.

For each element k of a vertical coordinate variable with standard_name = "ocean_sigma_z_coordinate", one and only one of the formula terms sigma(k) and zlev(k) must be missing data. If the optional formula term nsigma is supplied, it must equal the number of elements of zlev which contain missing data.

For a vertical coordinate variable with standard_name = "ocean_sigma_z_coordinate", the formula term nsigma should be omitted.

Versions of the standard before 1.9 should not be used for vertical coordinate variables with standard_name = "ocean_sigma_z_coordinate" because these versions are defective in their definition of this coordinate.